What Is the Lawyer's Role in Society?

Carved in stone above the columned entrance to the Supreme Court is the phrase, "Equal Justice Under Law." Assuring that principle to the more than 249 million people in the United States is the work of the country's more than 777,000 lawyers and judges.

The American legal system is complex. The foundation of the system is the United States Constitution, but we also are governed by the acts of the United States Congress, fifty state constitutions, and state and municipal statutes. Besides these statutory foundations, American law is grounded in the decision of its courts. These decisions make up the Common Law, and prior court decisions are precedent for later courts deciding the same issues. Furthermore, because of our heritage as a colony of England, the common law of England -- that is, the rulings of the English common law courts -- is also considered as precedent by our courts.

In the United States, a lawyer has a dual role as advisor and as advocate. As an advisor, the lawyer keeps clients out of trouble by informing them about the legal consequences of proposed actions, by drafting legal arrangements that comply with the law, and by advising about the client's rights and obligations in dealings with other people. The lawyer also assists in putting entangled affairs in order through counseling and negotiation. As an advocate, he or she assists in the administration of justice. American courts operate under an adversary system in which parties to a disagreement in a civil case, or the prosecution and defense in a criminal case, present their points of view to a judge or judge and jury. Lawyers, who are licensed by the courts and are officers of the court, are qualified to present other people's cases through written and oral arguments and application of the appropriate law, procedures, and rules of evidence.

In addition to his or her regular work, a lawyer is expected to render public interest legal service. This includes providing professional services at no fee or reduced fee to persons of limited means or to public service or charitable organizations. Participation in activities for improving the law, the legal system, and the legal profession, such as taking part in bar association projects concerning professional ethics or improving the administration of justice, are also acceptable ways for a lawyer to meet his or her public service obligation.

Not All Are Trial Lawyers
When people think of lawyers, many will picture those portrayed in movies or on television. The image is of an actor or actress speaking eloquently in front of a jury in a mahogany-panelled courtroom and producing a last-minute rabbit from the hat to save a client.

In reality, most lawyers spend much of their time outside the courtroom setting. They talk to clients and to others on behalf of clients; they research legal issues; they draft contracts, deeds, wills, corporate by-laws, ordinances, and legislation; they counsel, mediate, and negotiate settlement; they draft depositions, interrogatories, pleadings, trial and appellate briefs, proposed jury instructions, and court findings, and they present matters to administrative boards and agencies.

Lawyers' careers are extremely varied. Some lawyers in private practice specialize in advising corporations; some concentrate on solving individuals' civil legal problems; some practice criminal defense.

About 10 percent of all lawyers work for various governmental units in either civil or criminal law. A much smaller number teach law or become judges.

Yet others do not practice law at all, but use their legal skills in the business world as executives, corporate tax experts, and bankers. Some combine careers, such as a law practice and politics. Others become legal affairs reporters.

This booklet will answer some of your questions about a career in law. Additional information can be obtained from the books listed in the bibliography at the end of this page.

Should You Be a Lawyer?
In considering a career in law, first evaluate your own interests, goals, and qualifications. The qualities most needed to be a successful lawyer, according to a survey of bar association leaders, are dedication, motivation, and the willingness to work long hours.

Other important qualities include a good vocabulary and thorough knowledge of the English language; sound reasoning skills; an ability to write clearly and concisely; a good memory; and the ability to communicate well orally.

Temperament is also a factor to be considered. It is often necessary to work under pressure of tight deadlines, have the patience to spend many hours researching a single legal point, and analyze facts carefully and marshal them to create a persuasive argument. Patience and understanding in listing to adversaries as well as to clients and witnesses also are important.

If you think you are interested in a career in a courtroom rather than in an office, you also will need the ability to think quickly on your feet, speak with ease and authority in public, pursue details, and understand courtroom strategy.

Statistics compiled by the Law School Admission Service show that 94,200 people applied for 44,000 seats in the 1991 entering class of the nation's 176 American Bar Association-approved law schools. This is the fourth record-high year in a row, representing a 6.6 percent increase over the number of applicants for the 1990 first-year class. Many people are looking at law as an adjunct to another career. More students are attending law school not to practice law, but as an alternative to a general business graduate degree. Many officers of major corporations have law degrees.

Opportunities for Women and Minorities
The number of women and minorities group members attending law school has grown dramatically in recent decades. In 1963, only 1,739 women were enrolled as degree candidates in ABA-approved law schools; in 1990, women law students numbered 54,097, or 42.5 percent of all Juris Doctor degree candidates.

In 1969 (the first year for which minority student figures are available) they were 2,933 black, Hispanic American, Asian American, American Indian, and Alaskan Native law students. In 1990, the total minority enrollment was 17,330.

Although the fluctuations of the economy will always have an impact on the legal profession, opportunities for women and minorities remain in all sectors of the profession, including law firms, corporations, and government.

Minority group members and women in the top portion of their graduating classes are likely to continue to be in great demand.

What About Jobs?
Lawyers can choose from a wide variety of jobs. Many new lawyers join law firms, but even the jobs offered by law firms vary greatly according to the type of law practiced. For example, many large urban firms primarily have corporate clients. Some firms offer a "general practice" that serves both corporate and individual clients in civil and criminal matters. Other firms specialize in litigation work or in personal injury cases, family law, or patent law. A few firms concentrate on public interest law.

Law firms range in size from one attorney in a single office to more than 1,000 attorneys in offices located around the country and overseas. Statistics taken in 1988 showed that there were 240,141 lawyers practicing by themselves. Of the 42,649 law firms of more than one practitioner, 17,5601 had two practicing lawyers (41% of all law firms are those with two lawyers); 7,200 had four or five lawyers (16.9% of the total law firms), and 639 large law firms had 50 or more lawyers (1.5% of the law firms).

Many corporations, businesses, banks, and title companies have legal departments and offer a different type of work for the graduate. At least 25% of law school graduates are not engaged in the active practice of law. Some examples of positions frequently filled by law school graduates are: chief executive officer and other executives of major corporations; insurance executives; real estate brokers; university presidents; accounting firm executives; state governors and other officials; and federal and state legislators and legislative aides.

Federal, state, and municipal governments have frequent openings for lawyers. The growing complexity of the law requires governmental legal offices to expand their staffs continually, and there is often considerable competition among graduates to begin their careers in such agencies as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the internal Revenue Service, and the Justice Department.

Openings for government jobs occur all over the country, not just in Washington, D.C. Information about such job openings is available in Now Hiring: Government Jobs for Lawyers (Product Code 527-0033) published by the Law Student Division of the American Bar Association. Other booklets in this series include: Careers in Sports Law (Product Code 527-0033), Careers in Civil Litigation (Product Code 527-0031), and Careers in Entertainment Law (Product Code 527-0032). Copies of these booklets can be ordered from Order Fulfillment, American Bar Association, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, at a cost of $18.90 each ($13.90 for members of the ABA Law Student Division).

Among the most prestigious positions are clerking positions for judges. Supreme Court justices and federal appellate judges each have several clerks. Federal district court judges and many state court judges also have at least one clerk. Clerking positions are usually for a one- or two-year term.

Major urban areas, such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, offer the widest variety of jobs. Competition for the jobs in those cities is great, however. Suburban law practices are also growing rapidly. In addition, lawyers are often needed in rural communities throughout the United States. It might be a good idea to contact some law firms in a rural area of interest to see what is available.

Unfortunately, the job market for graduates is tight and may become even more competitive throughout the 1990s. While graduates of prestigious law schools and top students from other law schools are always in demand by private law firms, corporations, and the government, others will have a more difficult time finding a job in a preferred line of practice or in a preferred location.

Paralegals
A growing number of individuals have decided to follow careers as paralegals, who are assistants to attorneys. The functions they perform vary considerably, but may include interviewing clients, conducting legal research projects and drafting legal documents under the supervision of attorneys. The paralegal industry is second only to home health care in growth, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This field is expected to include 167,000 practitioners by the year 2005, up more than 85% from 1990.

A number of tax-supported junior colleges and four-year colleges, as well as for profit private schools, now offer training for legal assistants.

A list of legal assistant education programs approved by the American Bar Association is part of a general information packet which also includes a list of related publications and a general information sheet. It can be obtained through Order Fulfillment, American Bar Association, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, for a fee of $5.00. Please specify product code 423-0030. New programs are approved each February and August, and updated listings are made available toward the end of these months.

How Much Do Lawyers Make?
Many people believe all lawyers are rich. Not so. In 1991, a survey of members of the American Bar Association found that the median income of attorneys in the sample was $65,000. While there are attorneys who report incomes above $500,000, a 1990 survey showed that eight percent of all attorneys in private practice earned less than $25,000 that year. Surveys of recent graduates indicate that beginning salaries range from $22,000 to more than $80,000. The lower salaries are for associates in firms in smaller cities or those in legal air programs. The top salaries are offered to associates entering major New York City law firms.

The ABA's Student Lawyer magazine for November 1991, contains a salary survey conducted by David J. White & Associates. This survey lists the average starting salaries city by city. These figures, which do not include bonuses, are as follows: Atlanta ($38,000), Baltimore ($39,000), Boston ($41,000), Chicago ($48,500), Cleveland ($50,000), Dallas/Ft. Worth ($45,000), Denver ($35,000), Detroit ($38,000), Kansas City/St. Louis ($45,000), Los Angeles ($48,500), Milwaukee ($40,000), Minneapolis/St. Paul ($44,000), New York City ($60,000), Philadelphia ($42,500), San Francisco ($43,500), and Washington, DC ($46,000).

Selecting a Law School--Choices and Criteria
The process of selecting a law school must begin with an honest self-assessment. Applicants need to consider the ways in which their education and work experience have prepared them for legal education, and to think about future academic and career goals. They will need to decide the kinds of locations and environments (urban or suburban, large or small) where they will be most comfortable, whether they prefer to attend full-time or part-time, and how much they can afford to spend. Once applicants understand both their strengths and weaknesses and have a good sense of what they expect from a legal education, the process of selecting law schools to apply to will be more focused and considerably simpler.

Next, applicants should learn as much as they can about the law schools that interest them, paying particular attention to their admission requirements. Competition for law school seats is strong. Typically there are twice as many applicants as seats. Half of those who apply to law school won't be accepted. In the face of such competition, many law school applicants apply to several schools (about five, on average), selecting two or three that may or may not accept them, and two or three others where their likelihood of admission may be higher. Application volumes vary from year to year, of course, and competition may ease over time, but the law school admission process is likely to remain competitive for years to come. This competitive environment makes it doubly important for applicants to assess their credentials in relation to the requirements of individual law schools.

Law schools look at a variety of factors in considering applications. Among the most important are undergraduate grades and scores on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). Other factors include the rigor of an applicant's undergraduate program and any graduate work they may have completed, the nature of any work experience, letters of recommendation, examples of leadership and character, and the strength of a personal statement. Personal interviews usually are not required.

Law schools seek a diverse student body. Most offer special recruitment and academic assistance programs for members of groups traditionally under-represented in legal education and the legal profession.

To find out about the factors that are important to a particular law school, applicants should contact that school directly. a list of ABA-approved law schools and their addresses, together with basic data about each school, is published annually by the American Bar Association's Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar. Single copies of A Review of Legal Education in the United States are available free of charge and can be obtained by contacting the Order Fulfillment Department at the American Bar Association (750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60611). The Law School Admission Services also publishes an annually updated directory of all ABA-approved law schools in the United States, entitled The Official Guide to U.S. Law Schools. For information about ordering the guide, call (215) 968-1001.

Many admission directors will be happy to speak frankly about the qualities they seek. Even if people have been out of college for several years, their undergraduate prelaw advisor can be an invaluable source of information about various law schools program and the success of fellow graduates in applying to them. Also, lawyers in each community often have a wealth of information about their law schools, although that information may be quite subjective and is not always current.

An undergraduate should be aware that there is no particular course of study that is required or preferred by law schools. Accordingly, students from a wide variety of majors (e.g., philosophy, physics, political science, engineering, and business) are admitted to law schools each year. There is no true prelaw curriculum. Generally, a broad-based education that is rigorous and that stresses analytical and verbal communication skills will be useful.

Increasingly, colleges offer law-related courses as part of the curriculum (e.g., sociology of law, constitutional law, law and psychology, law and literature, criminal justice, etc.). These courses are not designed to prepare students for law school; rather, they show the interrelationships of law, the legal process, society, and culture. Thus, while they are useful to all students who seek a broader understanding of the role of law in our society, they have no special value as "prelaw" courses.

With all these things to think about, where should a person begin? Many would be lawyers begin by preparing for and taking the LSAT. The LSAT is offered four times each year in February, June, October, and December. It is a half-day, multiple-choice test that measures verbal and reasoning skills. These skills include the ability to understand complex problems, analyze relationships between things or events, and understand and analyze logical arguments. It is important that individuals prepare themselves for the test before they take it. The best way to prepare is by working through previous LSATs, which are available from the test's sponsor, the Law School Admission Services. Information about, and registration materials for, the test are available from prelaw advisors, law school admission offices, and directly from Law School Admission Services (Law Services). You can contact Law Services at Box 2000, Newtown, Pennsylvania 18940, or by calling (215) 968-1001.

For many, the LSAT score is the last credential earned before the admission process can begin. After the LSAT score is in, the process of selecting appropriate law schools picks up its pace.

What Is Law School Like?
Law school consists of a three-year course of full-time study or a four- or five-year course of part-time study. Although the approach to the study of law varies somewhat from school to school, the first segment of law school study consists of what is defined as the core curriculum and generally includes courses such as contracts, constitutional law, torts, criminal law, legal writing, civil procedures, and property. All law schools offer instruction in practical professional skills, what is commonly called clinical legal education, and the breadth and number of these courses are increasing. All students as part of their law school studies receive instruction in the duties and responsibilities of the legal profession.

In the remainder of their course study, students choose from a variety of courses and areas of the law. Areas of study include such courses as commercial law, business organizations, evidence, tax, labor law, estate planning, antitrust, and international and comparative law.

Law school classes have traditionally used the case method of teaching, which involves detailed examination of a number of related, sometimes contradictory, judicial opinions. This method relies heavily on socratic inquiry and student-faculty exchange. Law school methods of instruction also include problem solving, readings, research, and seminars. Increasingly, a number of law school courses are interdisciplinary in nature.

How Much Does Law School Cost?
In addition to assessing the admission criteria of the law schools that are being considered, one must pay attention to finances. Legal education can be very expensive. In 1991, the average tuition was approximately $3,000 at public law schools and $10,000 at private institutions, and costs are escalating. The total cost of attendance per year may be more than double those amounts. In addition to tuition costs, there will be books and supplies, travel, rent, and food expenses. Law students can expect to spend $25,000 to $60,000 to complete a law school education during their three to five years of law school study.

What About Financial Aid?
Unlike most graduate programs, fellowships and grants are not widely available for legal education. Most students pay for law school with student loans. In considering which law schools are affordable, applicants need to think about existing debts, including any undergraduate student loans, and determine the amount of additional debt they are willing and able to assume. Law school financial aid personnel will be able to assist with this process. Some nonloan financial assistance also is available, and individuals should pursue these sources before undertaking educational debt. Most law schools have a small number of scholarships or grants that do not have to be repaid. The best sources of information about these scholarships and grants are the law school financial aid officer and law school catalogs.

The Council on Legal Education Opportunity (CLEO) sponsors a program designed to increase the number of economically and educationally disadvantaged persons in law school. It was established in 1968 and is co-sponsored by the ABA, National Bar Association, Hispanic National Bar Association, National Asian Pacific American Bar Association, Association of American Law Schools, and Law School Admission Council. Funding for CLEO programs comes primarily from the federal government. For more information, please contact CLEO at 1800 N Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036.

Veterans may be eligible for financial assistance from the Veterans Administration. Applicants who think they may be eligible for such assistance need to contact the VA office in their state. Each state's education department should also have information about special scholarships, such as awards to residents of certain counties, people studying specific disciplines, and the like. The state education department is usually located in the state capital.

Although full-time law students at ABA-approved law schools may not work more than 20 hours per week, many students receive work-study funds or are otherwise employed during the academic year, supplementing their income with law-related work in the summer. Academic-year employment often involves working as a legal research assistant. Summer employment typically involves work in a law firm, court, or government agency. These positions help defray the cost of legal education and afford the opportunity to gain hands-on experience. Students who must work full-time during the school year should explore the part-time academic programs offered by many law schools. These programs allow students to extend their studies over a longer period of time, usually four to five years.

When considering law school, applicants should give themselves plenty of time. The process of gathering all credential information, researching the law schools, looking into finances, and picking the law schools to apply to, can be very time consuming. It is important to know and meet all application deadlines.

Admission to the Bar
After graduating from law school, an individual must gain admission to the bar of the jurisdiction (one of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, or a territory) in which he or she wishes to practice law.

The usual requirements are graduating from a law school approved by the ABA, the national accreditation agency for law schools; passing a written examination administered by the jurisdiction's board of bar examiners; and meeting the requirements of character and fitness.

Requirements vary nationally; for example, a few states permit graduates of non-ABA-approved law schools to take the bar examination. The opportunity to take an examination without any formal legal education exists in a few jurisdictions but is very rare. Also, Wisconsin alone admits the graduates of its two law schools without a bar examination.

Most bar examinations consist of two days of testing. On one day a locally constructed essay examination is administered, and on the other day, a nationally-administered test, the Multistate Bar Examination, is given. Bar examinations are administered in February and July.

In addition, 42 states require that an applicant sit for an additional examination, the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination, which is offered three times each year -- the second Friday in March, August and November.

After passing the bar examination, an applicant who has established his or her good character and fitness is formally admitted to the practice of law by the highest state court in the jurisdiction. This admission does not automatically entitle the new lawyer to practice in any federal court, although most federal courts do admit new lawyers without additional requirements or qualifications.

Admission in one jurisdiction does not qualify a lawyer to practice in other jurisdictions, although roughly half the jurisdictions permit admission of experienced attorneys without additional testing under what is variously termed motion admission, comity admission, or admission by reciprocity.

Information concerning bar admission can be obtained from the board of bar examiners, often an agency of the state supreme Court or the state bar association, in the capitol city of each state.

A publication entitled The Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements (see bibliography) provides detailed information concerning the requirements for admission in each jurisdiction.
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The listing below contains a variety of books that explain the role of lawyers in society, opportunitities for careers in law, availability of jobs, etc. Annotations are provided where the material is not listed elsewhere in this information and where titles are not self-explanatory.
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Becoming a Lawyer: A Humanistic Perspective on Legal Education and Professionalism
Elizabeth Dvorkin, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1991, 211 pages, $14.95
The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study
Karl N. Llewelly, Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1991, 208 pages, $15. Compilation of lectures introducing students to the study of law.

Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements
Annual. Available from Order Fulfillment Department, American Bar Association, Product Code 529-0047, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611. First copy free upon request. Additional copies, $2.

The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888-1986
David Currie, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1991, 782 pages, $70. Summary of Court in these years, discussing work load, political philosophies, and constitutional trends set.

Dean's List of Recommended Readings for Prelaw and Law Students
Second edition; Julius J. Marke and Edward J. Bander, Oceana Publications, Inc. Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1984, 387 pages, $17.50.

Financial Aid for Minorities in Business and Law
Garrett Park Press, Garrett Park, MD 20896, 1990, 70 pages, single copy $4.95 (multiple copy price on request). Listing of financial aid sources.

Full Disclosure: Do You Really Want to Be a Lawyer?
American Bar Association Young Lawyers Division, Peterson's, Princeton, NJ, 1989, 175 pages, $11.95. Compendium of everything today's lawyers wish they had known before entering law school about the practice of law.

Gideon's Trumpet
Anthony Lewis, Vintage Books, New York, NY, 1989, 262 pages, $8.95. Detailed study of Clarence Earl Gideon's fight to reverse his conviction, which resulted in the Supreme Court's decision guaranteeing the right to counsel for indigent defendants in criminal cases.

Guide to Law Schools
Ninth edition; Compiled and edited by the College Division of Barron's Educational Series, Inc, New York, NY, 1990, 416 pages, $13.95. Describes the enrollment, admissions, J.D. programs, grading systems, placement procedures, and employment record of more than 200 law schools

Gunning for Justice
Gerry Spence and Anthony Polk, 1982 470 pages, $17.95. Available from Valley Book Store, P. O. Box G, Jackson, WY 83001. Autobiography of Gerry Spence, a famous Wyoming trial lawyer, including four of his major cases.

How to Find a Job as a Paralegal: A Step-By-Step Job Search Guide
Second edition; Marie Kisiel, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1992, 140 pages, $16.50. Guides students through each step of the job-hunting process.

Inside the Law Schools: A Guide by Students for Students
Sally Goldfarb and E. Adams, Penguin USA, Bergenfield, NJ, 1991, 360 pages, $10.95. Based on firsthand reports from law school students and graduates throughout the country. Also provides job placement statistics for each school

Introduction to Law Study and Law Examinations in a Nutshell
Stanley V. Kinyon, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1991, 389 pages, $12.95.

An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
Second edition; E. Allen Farnsworth, Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1983, 192 pages, $15. For students and laypersons interested in a basic understanding of the American legal system.

Introduction to the Study and Practice of Law in a Nutshell
Kenny F. Hegland, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1989, 418 pages, $13.95.

Judging the Jury
Vararie P. Hans and Neil Vidmar, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1987, 300 pages, $19.95. Addresses whether the current system can result in fair, unbiased and impartial juries.

Law School Admission Test
Thomas H. Martinson, Arco Publishing Company (Div. of Simon & Schuster), New York, NY, 1991, 336 pages, $11.95. Provides preparation for all areas of the exam. Includes four full-length practice tests with detailed explanatory answers.

Lawyers in the Making
Seymour Warkov, Greenwood Press, Inc., Westport, CT, 1980, 180 pages, $38.50. An extensive description of the prospective law student, including academic abilities, college background, parents' occupation, education and income, etc.

The Legal Profession in the United States
John A. Flood, 1985 (third edition), 79 pages; available from William S. Hein & Company, Inc., Buffalo, NY, $22. This booklet is written chiefly for lawyers and jurists from other countries, but it is also useful to students who wish to know something of the legal profession in this country.

Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
Anthony Lewis, Random House, Inc., New York, NY, 1991, 384 pages, $25. Momentous case, which culminated in a unanimous Supreme Court victory for The New York Times and a reaffirmation of First Amendment freedoms for the press.

Occupational Outlook Handbook
Annual (call 312/353-1880 for current copy and cost); 1990-91, 19 pages, $1.25. Available from Region 5, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales Center, P. O. Box 2145, Chicago, IL 60690. Contains information on business, managerial, and legal occupations.

One L
Scott Turow, Warner Books, New York, NY, 1988, 288 pages, $4.95. The author tells of his first year as a student at Harvard Law School.

Power of Attorney: The Rise of the Giant Law Firms
Mark Stevens, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1987, 187 pages, $17.95. Presents a history of the multinational law firm to help the reader learn about big firms' different management and compensation systems, approaches to strategic planning, etc.

Prelaw Handbook
Law School Admission Services, Box 2000, Newtown, PA 18940. Revised annually, $12. A discussion of prelaw and law study. It also contains a list of law schools, giving a two-page summary of each.

The Public Interest Handbook
Geoffrey Kaiser and Barbara Mule, Locust Hill Press, West Cornwell, CT, 1987, 500 pages, $29.95. This handbook provides a guide to legal careers in public interest organizations.

Readings and Cases on an Introduction to the Anglo-American Legal System
Second edition; Edgar Bodenheimer, John B. Oakley and Jean C. Love, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1989, 166 pages, $16.95.

A Review of Legal Education in the United States
Annual. Available from Order Fulfillment, American Bar Association, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611. First copy free. Additional copies $4.00 each.

Rough Justice: Days and Nights of a Young D.A.
David Heilbroner, Pantheon Press, New York, NY, 1990, 286 pages, $19.95. Heilbroner shows the inner workings of the New York criminal court system.

Some Makers of American Law
Bernard Schwartz, Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, New York, NY, 1985, 182 pages, $30. Describes the development of American law through the lives of its most eminent jurists.

Straight Talk on Careers: 80 Pros Take You into Their Professions
Mary Barbera-Hogan, Garrett Park Press, Garrett Park, MD 20896, 1987, 249 pages, $15. A leading lawyer and other working professionals talk about their jobs -- what they do and how they got there.

Student Lawyer
A sample copy of the magazine of the Law Student Division of the American Bar Association can be obtained by sending $4.00 to Order Fulfillment, American Bar Association, 750 Fulfillment, American Bar Association, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611.

Studying Law: An Introduction
Charles D. Kelso and R. Randall Kelso, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN, 1991, 587 pages, $30.95.

The Trial Lawyers: The Nation's Top Litigators Tell How They Win
Emily Couric, St Martin Press, New York, NY, 1990, 384 pages, $13.95.

Women Trial Lawyers: How They Succeed in Practice and in the Courtroom
Janine Warsaw, Prentice-Hall (Div. of Simon & Schuster), New York, NY, 1986, 304 pages, $29.95.

Your Future as a Lawyer
Charles Z. Cohen, Rosen Publishing Group, New York, NY, 1983, $7.97. Interviews with practicing professionals, suggested courses and undergraduate study survey of law schools, salary scales of the profession, etc.